Aid after disasters

Mark van Ommeren and colleagues argue that aid after disasters needs a long term public mental health perspective

The crisis caused by the recent earthquake and tsunami in South East Asia elicited an unprecedented aid response by humanitarian agencies financed by numerous governments and private citizens. With communicable disease more or less under control, aid agencies now focus increasingly on the mental suffering of surviving populations. We estimate here the likely mental health and psychosocial support needs of those affected and provide a public health framework for long term assistance.

US NAVY PHOTO BY JOURNALIST 3rd CLASS ISAAC NEEDLEMAN

After the tsunami: an Indonesian boy plays aboard a US hospital ship

Although no reliable data exist on numbers of people with problems related to mental health in countries affected by the tsunami, the estimated rates described in the table give a rough picture at the population level of what may be expected. Observed prevalence rates will vary with case definition, method of assessment, time since the disaster, and community. Across and within countries, communities differ in current and previous disaster exposure and in sociocultural factors that may influence social support, coping, and readiness to endorse symptoms in surveys. Disaster affected populations comprise people with non-pathological mild psychological distress that resolves in a few days or weeks; people with non-pathological moderate or severe psychological distress that may resolve over time or with mild distress that becomes chronic; and people with mental disorders such as psychosis, severe depression, and severely disabling presentations of an anxiety disorder.

That post-traumatic stress disorder is the main or most important mental disorder resulting from disaster is a misconception. It is only one of a range of often comorbid common mental disorders (such as mood and anxiety disorders) that tend to make up the mild and moderate mental disorders and which become more prevalent after disaster.^w1 The low level of help seeking behaviour for post-traumatic stress disorder in many non-Western cultures implies that it is not the focus of many survivors of trauma.^{w2 w3} WHO is concerned that some groups are directing disproportional resources to clinical care focused on post-traumatic stress disorder. WHO argues for a public health perspective that considers all mental problems, ranging from pre-existing severe mental disorder to widespread non-pathological psychological distress induced by trauma and loss.^w4

WHO has advised countries to make social and basic psychological interventions available to the whole population in the community through a variety of sectors in addition to the health sector. Such interventions may address widespread distress in people without any disorder. These interventions may also provide some support to those people with mental disorders who do not seek help within the health sector. Examples of social intervention outside the health sector that tend to be relevant after disaster include: (re)starting schooling, organising child friendly spaces, family reunification programmes, and economic development initiatives.^{w4 w5 w6} Professionals outside the health sector (for example, in disaster coordination, education, communication, protection, and community development) tend to lead the implementation of social interventions. An example of a basic psychological intervention that may be made available outside the health sector is teaching listening and psychological support skills to a non-health community worker.^w4 Social and basic psychological interventions outside the health sectors may involve the school system or existing traditional and religious resources in the community. Many social and psychological interventions require a thorough understanding of the sociocultural context, which outsiders typically do not have. Mental health professionals from affected regions should have an important role in designing, training, and supervising basic psychological support interventions.

In addition, WHO has been advising countries affected by the tsunami to urgently make sustainable mental health care available in the community. Mental disorders become more prevalent after disaster, and people with a mental disorder - whether or not induced by the disaster - should have access to basic mental health care in general health services and community mental health services. WHO is helping governments in assessing, planning, and coordinating mental health care within the health sector.

We are concerned that many clinical interventions (for example, psychotherapy focused on post traumatic stress disorder) that are not basic are being introduced outside the health sector in an uncoordinated and standalone manner. Also, we are concerned with international aid initiatives that focus on training only - without an understanding of the culture and without ensuring sustained supervision after the training. WHO advises outside international groups to study the guidelines of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies and the document Psychosocial care and protection of tsunami-affected children carefully before initiating training initiatives focused on trauma.^{w7 w8} These documents steer readers away from initiatives that may cause more harm than good.

Well meaning Western clinicians should be encouraged only to travel to tsunami affected regions if they meet three criteria: they stay long enough properly to supervise introduced interventions provided by national or international organisations that are likely to maintain sustained community presence in the disaster area; they have previously worked in disaster settings and outside their own sociocultural setting; and they have basic competence in community psychology or public health principles.

We applaud that unprecedented efforts have been made to address the mental and social suffering of surviving populations. What is needed now is a thoughtful, long term approach with a focus on developing sustainable services inside and outside the health sector to ensure optimal long term outcomes.

Mark van Ommeren, technical officer
Email: vanommerenm@who.int

Shekhar Saxena, coordinator, mental health evidence and research team

enedetto Saraceno director, Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse, World Health Organization, Avenue Appia, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland


studentBMJ 2005;13:221-264 June ISSN 0966-6494

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